10,500-Year-Old Chewed Tar Reveals Estonia's Oldest Human DNA

Archaeologists have uncovered ancient human DNA from birch bark tar at the Pulli site in Estonia. The site, recognised as the country’s oldest known settlement, dates back approximately 10,500 years. The discovery includes some of the oldest genetic material ever found in the region. The Pulli site has long been significant for its historical value. Researchers recently extracted human DNA from fragments of birch bark tar, a material early humans produced by heating birch bark. This method was likely first developed by Neanderthals.

The tar served many purposes, such as an adhesive, for repairing pottery, coating wooden boats, and even as decoration. Analysis of the tar revealed traces of human DNA, possibly infused as people chewed it to soften hardened pieces. One piece showed a tooth impression, suggesting it was chewed by a child or teenager.

Initial findings indicate that at least one tar fragment was chewed by two individuals, one male and one female. The genetic material confirms the handlers had dark eyes and dark hair, common traits of the time. These DNA fragments are now the oldest human genetic material ever recovered in Estonia and among the oldest from tar worldwide. The discovery provides direct evidence of human activity at the Pulli site thousands of years ago. The DNA extracted from the tar offers a rare glimpse into the physical characteristics and behaviours of early inhabitants. This find marks a significant contribution to the understanding of Estonia’s ancient past.