How horses shaped myths, wars, and cultural identity across millennia

Horses have played a vital role in human history, serving as more than just animals—they became symbols of power, freedom, and transformation. Across civilisations, from ancient myths to modern traditions, these creatures have shaped cultures in ways that extend far beyond their practical uses.

In Greek mythology, Pegasus stands as the winged horse of inspiration, linked to poetry and divine influence. Norse legends tell of Sleipnir, Odin's eight-legged steed, capable of traversing realms and carrying gods. Both creatures reflect how horses were seen as bridges between the earthly and the divine.

For the Kazakhs and other Turkic peoples, the horse holds even deeper meaning. The tulpar, a mythical winged steed, represents freedom and a bond with the heavens. Real horses, like the legendary Kulager, often take on symbolic roles in stories, sometimes speaking or guiding their riders. The batyr—the warrior-hero of Kazakh epics—is rarely seen without his trusted mount, whether Baisubar, Taiburyly, or Akkula.

Historical figures also relied on horses for more than battle. Alexander the Great's Bucephalus became a legend, embodying loyalty and military strength. The Kazakh language itself reflects this deep connection, with rich vocabulary describing a horse's coat, gait, and temperament.

Today, the horse remains central to Kazakh identity. Public celebrations, like the 'girl-djigit' series, showcase women riding proudly across the steppe, reinforcing the animal's link to nomadic heritage. Modern imagery often depicts Kazakh women as skilled riders, symbolising their equal place in society alongside men.

From ancient myths to present-day traditions, the horse continues to shape cultural narratives. In Kazakhstan, it remains a living symbol of history, freedom, and resilience. Whether in folklore, language, or public life, its legacy endures as both a practical companion and a powerful emblem.