U.S. and China Race to Master Satellite Refueling in Orbit

The U.S. Space Command is accelerating plans for dynamic space operations, where satellite movement and fuel supply play a critical role. Meanwhile, China has already demonstrated its own advances by successfully refuelling a satellite in orbit. The shift highlights growing competition in space logistics, with both nations focusing on keeping spacecraft operational for longer missions. China made a significant leap in mid-2025 when its Shijian-25 spacecraft docked with Shijian-21 and transferred fuel. This operation extended the satellite’s lifespan and proved China’s ability to maintain key assets in geostationary orbit. The achievement underscores Beijing’s progress in on-orbit servicing, a capability the U.S. first tested in 2007 but has yet to fully deploy.

The U.S. Space Force is now exploring similar refuelling and repair technologies, though officials stress a cautious approach. A report by the Mitchell Institute warns that logistics—including fuel resupply, repairs, and even in-space manufacturing—will decide how effectively the U.S. can sustain operations during extended conflicts. Retired Space Force colonel Charles Galbreath argues that experiments alone won’t suffice; fully operational systems are urgently needed.

Industry experts see potential for commercial companies to step in, offering life-extension services for ageing satellites. Beyond refuelling, future systems could allow satellites to be upgraded, reassembled, or repurposed while in orbit. Such flexibility would transform single-use platforms into adaptable, long-term assets. China’s successful refuelling test marks a turning point in space logistics, proving its ability to sustain critical satellites in high orbits. For the U.S., the push for dynamic operations means developing not just refuelling but a full range of servicing capabilities. How quickly these systems become operational could shape the balance of power in space for years to come.